Rafael Loss

Striking absence: Europe’s missile gap and how to close it

Europeans have been quick to enhance their missile defence capabilities. But to properly address the threat of Russia’s missiles and deter broader conflict, they need to complement defensive systems with offensive ones

World map highlighting USA, Europe, China and a few other smaller countries. Part of Shapes of multilateralisms collection at ECFR

Shapes of Multilateralisms Collection

This collection of nine insightful essays illuminates the strategies employed to advance European interests and values within this evolving global polity of overlapping cooperative frameworks

Multilateral space: A European space oddity

Competition among major space powers hinders multilateral action to protect access to outer space. The EU has a key role to play in promoting responsible behaviours and securing the use of space for all