ECFR Council

Europe’s recovery gamble

If the European Union’s new recovery programme succeeds, it may ultimately pave the way for the establishment of a fiscal union. But, if the EU funds fail to deliver on the plan’s stated goals, federal aspirations will be dashed for a generation

Why Finland never joined the frugal four

Recent signs that Finland has joined the “frugal four” are overstated, but one member of the group may well be its closest coalition partner.  

The Armenian model for Belarus

While many Western observers have seized on Ukraine's 2004-5 and 2014 revolutions to understand the mass protests in Belarus, a much better analogy is Armenia's democratic transition in 2018.