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How the EU can support reform in Burma

Is Burma really coming in from the cold? How Europe can help

On 1^st April Burma will hold parliamentary elections that are likely to see opposition leader and Nobel Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi win a seat. The country is undergoing swift political and societal changes after decades of military rule, and the government says the reforms are ‘irreversible’. Some now argue that the EU needs to lift all its sanctions right away. 

Aung San Suu Kyi’s election is a momentous event, yet it risks diverting attention from many unresolved issues. Some political prisoners remain in jail, forced labour is still a serious problem, and fighting continues in several states. The European Union has a unique chance to ensure that  Burma’s reforms to take root.

In a new ECFR publication, ‘How the EU can support reform in Burma’, Jonas Parello Plesner argues that the EU should adopt a coherent approach that involves:

• Gradually lifting sanctions in line with clear, agreed benchmarks. Lifting sanctions too quickly would result in the EU losing its leverage and means to support Burmese reformers. Visa bans on the government have already been lifted, but further lifting needs to be gradual, and follow verifiable, irreversible signs of reform.
• Offering institutional capacity building & development assistance to support progress towards benchmarks and increase the numbers of Burmese that benefit from reform. Development assistance should be linked to governance standards and to dialogue with civil society and the authorities.
• Shaping a new, sustainable business approach for foreign investment. An EU- Burma business summit involving European businesses and NGOs should agree high and accountable standards to encourage a ‘race to the top’ for business entry in Burma. This should be expanded to include business partners in ASEAN, US, Japan and China.

Jonas argues that such measures are necessary to ensure that reform is genuine and has solid foundations. He says there are four reasons to be wary of Burmese government claims that the reforms are irreversible:

1. Political: the reformers’ political position is insecure, and other key powerbrokers see further deep reforms as against their interests.
2. Legal: reforming laws (especially through a relatively new parliament) takes time and is very complex.
3. Historical: earlier openings have been followed by crackdowns and renewed isolation.
4. Practical: The reforms so far don’t affect the military’s role behind the scenes. The military is still deeply entrenched, holds 25% of parliamentary seats and wields an effective veto over constitutional amendments.

Click here to download a PDF of ‘How the EU can support reform in Burma’

Timetable:

• 1^st April 2012 – Burma set to hold parliamentary by-elections, with Aung San Suu Kyi and her party running for seats in parliament.
• 23^rd April 2012 – EU foreign ministers meet and are expected to decide on revising EU sanctions on Burma.
• 26^th/27^th April 2012 – EU-ASEAN Foreign Ministers’ meeting in Brunei.
• Late April 2012 – the EU’s Foreign Policy High Representative, Catherine Ashton, is due to visit Burma.

Sanctions:  Current EU sanctions against Burma include an arms and military equipment embargo, trade, export and investment sanctions on the extractive and logging industry, suspension of development aid (only humanitarian aid is allowed), a visa ban and an asset freeze on the top military leadership.

• This paper, like all ECFR publications, represents the views of its author, not the collective position of ECFR or its Council Members.