(English Translation)
The European Council meets today in emergency session to evaluate the crisis in Georgia and study possible measures to be adopted. The meeting has been forced upon the Council by Moscow's failure to honour the cease-fire agreement in place and, above all, its decision to step up the crisis by recognising the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia.
Regrettably, once again, the EU seems overwhelmed by events and internally divided with respect to possible measures. Attempts to mediate prior to the crisis failed due to a lack of collective backing, but also because they were rather tepid in their nature. The outcome is that instead of turning to the array of conflict resolution mechanisms already in place (some of which are specific to Europe, such as the OSCE or the Council of Europe), the parties at loggerheads thought it inevitable, and almost beneficial, to resort to unilateral force. Subsequently, during the crisis itself, the French Presidency, pressurised by the need to put an end to hostilities, was guilty of naivety and a lack of nerve in brokering terms which were already excessively generous to Moscow, and which, moreover, have clearly not been respected.
It's true that some have found consolation in seeing Washington cast in such a ridiculous light, incapable despite its enormous diplomatic, intelligence and military resources of foreseeing events in the first place, or dealing with them in the second - this despite the highly intense personal relationship between Georgia's President Saakashvili and the White House. With this as an example of the Bush Administration looking after its friends, some neighbours may even see the need to diversify strategies and move closer to Brussels as the lesson to be learned from events. But besides coming up with a coherent short-term response, is the EU prepared to engage in a strategic and long-term assessment with respect to Russia and the block of countries formerly part of the extinct Soviet Union?
Agreement on the most immediate measures does not seem to be problematic. It comes down to demanding that Russia withdraw its troops, the sending of observers to prepare the ground for the deployment of an international mission, and putting mediation initiatives involving Georgians, Ossetians and Abkhazians into place. An emergency package should also be approved for the one hundred thousand displaced Georgians and immediate reconstruction of local infrastructure undertaken. Further on down the line, the agreements between the EU and Georgia should be reviewed in order to maximise their trade, finance and technical assistance potential. In a similar vein, the EU will have to re-examine its relations with Ukraine in depth, to the extent that the authorities in Kiev can find constant support from Brussels for their modernisation process, as well as a bulwark against pressure and blackmail from Moscow.
These measures will help the EU raise its profile in the region. But the real debate is not about Georgia, but instead about Russia. Putin could have settled for taking control of Abkhazia and South Ossetia without making such a fuss, presenting a fait accompli and leaving the rest to time to play in his favour. However, he has decided quite deliberately to keep the crisis open, both in terms of his rhetoric (with his references to the cold war and threats regarding energy supplies) and in the practical sense (with the recognition of two republics for the price of one, and above all, the unjustified presence of his troops in the Georgian port of Poti). All of this is not only unacceptable, but also, as has been noted over the last few days, shows that in his desire to position Russia in the twenty first century, Putin is leading it back into the nineteenth.
The dilemma is a fine one. On the one hand, standing up to Moscow, as Gordon Brown and David Miliband advocate (seconded by the Scandinavians, the Baltic states and new members of central and eastern Europe), will heighten feelings of isolation and humiliation in Moscow and distance Russia from democratic institutions and the multilateral order. Yet, on the other, a softly-softly approach (as Paris, Berlin, Madrid and Rome seem to prefer) which treats the crisis in isolation will most likely send out the wrong message and reinforce those, like Putin, who disparage the European Union for being a mere centre of soft opinion. Reform or rupture? The old Leninist question never seems to quite go out of fashion. In any event, Russia seems to have opted for the latter of those two options.
Translated by Douglas Wilson
Que Hacer con Russia?
El Pais, 01 September 2008
El Consejo Europeo se reúne hoy en sesión extraordinaria para evaluar la crisis georgiana y estudiar las medidas a tomar. Se trata de una reunión forzada por el incumplimiento de los acuerdos de alto el fuego por parte de Moscú y, ante todo, por el giro cualitativo introducido por Rusia al reconocer la independencia de Abjazia y Osetia del Sur.
Lamentablemente, una vez más, la Unión Europea parece desbordada por los hechos y dividida respecto a las medidas a tomar. Los intentos de mediación anteriores a la crisis fracasaron por falta de respaldo colectivo, pero también en razón de su tibieza. Como resultado, las partes en conflicto, en lugar de recurrir a cualquiera de los múltiples mecanismos existentes para la gestión de conflictos (algunos de ellos específicos al ámbito europeo, como la Organización para la Seguridad y la Cooperación en Europa -OSCE- o el Consejo de Europa), consideraron inevitable o incluso provechoso recurrir a medidas de fuerza unilaterales. Posteriormente, durante la crisis, la presidencia francesa, presionada por la necesidad de detener las hostilidades, pecó de ingenuidad y falta de firmeza al promover unos acuerdos ya de por sí excesivamente generosos con Moscú que, además, han sido claramente incumplidos.
Es cierto que algunos encuentran consuelo en el ridículo hecho por Washington, incapaz pese a sus inmensos recursos diplomáticos, militares y de inteligencia de prever, primero, o gestionar, después, la crisis; ello pese al intensísimo vínculo personal entre el presidente georgiano, Mijaíl Saakashvili, y la Casa Blanca. Viendo cómo la Administración de Bush protege a sus amigos, es incluso posible que algunos vecinos extraigan como lección la necesidad de diversificar algo más sus estrategias y acercarse algo más a Bruselas. ¿Pero está la UE preparada, además de para dar una respuesta coherente a corto plazo, para generar una reflexión estratégica más a largo plazo respecto a Rusia y el conjunto de países de la extinta URSS?
El acuerdo sobre las medidas más inmediatas no parece problemático. Se trataría de exigir a Rusia la retirada de sus tropas, el envío de observadores para preparar el despliegue de una misión internacional y la puesta en marcha de iniciativas de mediación entre georgianos, surosetios y abjazos. También habría que aprobar un paquete de emergencia para los más de 100.000 desplazados georgianos e iniciar de forma inmediata la reconstrucción de las infraestructuras locales. Más adelante, habría que revisar los acuerdos entre la UE y Georgia para sacar el máximo partido a sus posibilidades comerciales, financieras y de asistencia técnica. De la misma manera, la UE se verá obligada a reexaminar en profundidad sus relaciones con Ucrania, de tal manera que las autoridades de Kiev encuentren en Bruselas un apoyo sostenido para su proceso de modernización, así como un baluarte frente a las presiones y chantajes de Moscú.
Estas medidas ayudarán a la UE a elevar su perfil en la zona. Pero la verdadera discusión no es sobre Georgia, sino sobre Rusia. Putin podía haberse conformado con tomar el control de Abjazia y Osetia del Sur sin grandes alharacas, crear un hecho consumado y dejar que el tiempo jugara a su favor. Sin embargo, ha decidido deliberadamente mantener abierta la crisis tanto desde el punto de vista retórico (con referencias a la guerra fría y amenazas sobre el suministro energético) como práctico (con el reconocimiento de dos repúblicas por el precio de una y, sobre todo y de forma más grave, por la injustificada presencia de sus tropas en el puerto georgiano de Poti). Todo ello no sólo es inaceptable sino que, como se ha dicho estos días, refleja que en su afán de situar a Rusia en el siglo XXI, Vladímir Putin se está llevando a su país al siglo XIX.
El dilema es ejemplar. Por un lado, la firmeza ante Moscú, como preconizan Gordon Brown y David Miliband (secundados por escandinavos, bálticos y los nuevos miembros de Europa Central y Oriental), acentuará los sentimientos de aislamiento y humillación y alejará a Rusia de las instituciones democráticas y del orden multilateral. Pero por otro lado, contemporizar con Moscú (como parece preferirse desde París, Berlín, Madrid y Roma) e intentar aislar la crisis muy probablemente enviará el mensaje equivocado y reforzará a los que, como Putin, desprecian a la Unión Europea por considerarla una mera forma de pensamiento blando. ¿Reforma o ruptura? La vieja pregunta leninista no termina de pasar de moda. En cualquier caso, Rusia parece haber optado por la segunda opción.
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During last conflicts in Caucasus and before in Balkans there has been discussion about EU?s position between conflicting parties -between east and west. I can agree with those who advise that EU should not take sides but rather balance its criticism with conflicting parties. From my point of view this could mean an approach with keywords such as understanding, dialogue and multi-polar world.
The Balkans have been the focus of extensive public attention for a long time yet not many people can honestly claim to have a firm understanding of the region, its history or the complexity of the problems. The same one can say about Caucasus. I would like to claim that one factor has is share 1st creating problems and 2nd making difficult to manage them. This factor is lack of dialogue, which in both regions has created one-sided picture in western mainstream media and peoples mind.
In dialogue, one listens to the other side in order to understand, find meaning, and find agreement. In debate, one listens to the other side in order to find flaws and to counter its arguments. Dialogue assumes that many people have pieces of the answer and that together they can put them into a workable solution. Debate assumes that there is a right answer and that someone has it. Debate can have maybe better headlines in news but it is not for sustainable solutions.
Few days ago the Russian president, Dmitry Medvedev, outlined his country?s national interests in a set of five key principles and I think one of them fits to this topic. Quate: ?The world should be multi-polar. Unipolarity is unacceptable, domination is impermissible. We cannot accept a world order in which all decisions are taken by one country, even such a serious and authoritative country as the United States of America. This kind of world is unstable and fraught with conflict.?
From my point of view West has been living last years in past, today world is coming more and more multi-polar. To copy present situation we need dialogue - EU could facilitate e.g. US/Russia dialogue but then it should avoid to take firm sides.