The European Council on Foreign Relations

A Kosovan eye-opener

By Jose Ignacio Torreblanca - 12 Mar 10

I have just returned from an eye-opening visit to Serbia and Kosovo, where I saw close up the difficulties people face in putting the past behind them. In Belgrade I talked with Jovan Teokarevic, a political science professor: "Many people here think that the worse things go in Kosovo, the better for Serbia. But they are wrong. The better things go in Kosovo, the sooner we will join the EU. We're in the same boat." And Natasa Kandic, a human rights lawyer who wants to bring war criminals to trial, says: "Many people in Serbia think that the massacres in Bosnia and Kosovo are tales invented by NATO to justify the war. In Serbia we need to face the past and acknowledge our mistakes and crimes, if we want to have a European future."

The reintegration within Serbia of the two million Albano-Kosovars is impossible, not only because these people would not accept it, but because Serbia itself cannot take political and economic charge of the territory. Nor is partition viable, though northern Kosovo has a Serb majority and is contiguous to Serbia. Two-thirds of the Serbs in Kosovo, and the most important Orthodox monasteries, are in the South. Partition would only heighten inter-ethnic tension. Kosovo's independence, proclaimed two years ago and recognized by 65 countries, is an irreversible fact, admitted even by the Serbs. A recent survey made by the major Serbian newspaper Blic confirmed this: Kosovo was not even among the 10 top concerns of the Serbs. On the contrary, these concerns included corruption, the poor functioning of institutions - especially the judiciary- and the control of the country by an oligarchy bred in the shadow of Slobodan Milosevic.

In Kosovo too, terrible things lie in the recent past, while the future is still uncertain. In spite of its independence, the country remains under international tutelage, and the economic crisis has brought massive unemployment and a bloated black market. Environmental deterioration weighs heavily on the land, where thermal power plants burn pestilent lignite. The plague of corruption and organized crime has abated in recent years, but is still fomented by uncertain frontiers and parallel security forces.

Another sword hanging over the country is the opinion of the International Court of Justice, which has yet to rule on the legality of the declaration of independence. But here on the scene, the Serbs are not hoping for any essential change in the state of things. This is why many of them decided to vote in the municipal elections in November, to elect their own mayors and participate in the process of decentralization and local self-government. The mayor of Gracanica, a Serb enclave near Pristina, is clear on this point: Belgrade and Pristina need to reach an agreement so that local authorities can work for improvements. "I feel trapped between two virtual administrations: that of Belgrade, where officials are still collecting salaries for administering a territory they don't control, and that of Pristina, which won't give me the authority or the budget to get anything done."

The danger is that Kosovo may turn into a frozen conflict, a place where there is no violence, but no true coexistence either. Preventing the construction of a Serbian ghetto within Kosovo and a Kosovar ghetto within Europe is crucially important.

Having lunched in Pristina with the Greek and Slovakian ambassadors, and having seen how their countries are present in Kosovo and committed to its future - though they have not endorsed the unilateral declaration of independence - I believe I saw the difference between two kinds of diplomacy. One is oriented toward solving people's problems and contributing to the stability of a region, while the other kind (Spain's) stays deliberately aloof from a crucial area, and which, two years later, still concerns itself with theoretical quibbles and far-fetched comparisons with Spain's internal regional nationalisms. jitorreblanca@ecfr.eu

This article was published in El País English edition on 12 March 2010.

(English translation)

Abrir los ojos

Regreso de un intenso viaje a Serbia y Kosovo donde he podido comprobar de primera mano las dificultades que la gente corriente tiene para superar el pasado y enfrentar el futuro. En Belgrado hablo con Jovan Teokarevic, un profesor de Ciencia Política: "Muchos aquí creen que cuanto peor le vaya a Kosovo, mejor para Serbia. Pero están equivocados. Cuanto mejor vayan las cosas en Kosovo antes nos integraremos en la Unión Europea. Su futuro y el nuestro están completamente vinculados". También hablo con Natasa Kandic, una conocida defensora de los derechos humanos que intenta llevar ante los tribunales a los criminales de guerra de su país: "Muchos en Serbia piensan que las matanzas de la guerra de Bosnia y los crímenes cometidos en Kosovo son falsedades inventadas por la OTAN para justificar la guerra". "Los serbios", dice, "necesitamos enfrentar el pasado y reconocer nuestros errores y crímenes: sólo así podremos tener un futuro europeo".

La reintegración en Serbia de los dos millones de albanokosovares es imposible; y no sólo porque éstos no lo aceptarían, sino porque ni siquiera la propia Serbia podría hacerse cargo económica y políticamente del territorio. Tampoco es viable la partición del territorio kosovar en dos y la anexión del norte a Serbia: aunque el norte de Kosovo sea de mayoría serbia y contiguo territorialmente con ésta, dos tercios de los serbios que viven en Kosovo, así como los monasterios ortodoxos más importantes, están situados en el sur del país, por lo que una anexión a Serbia del territorio al norte del río Ibar en nada cambiaría su futuro, e incluso lo empeoraría, al reavivar las tensiones interétnicas. La independencia de Kosovo, proclamada ahora hace dos años y reconocida por 65 países, es un hecho cuya irreversibilidad hasta los mismos serbios aceptan. Una reciente encuesta hecha por el periódico Blic, el de mayor tirada nacional en Serbia, lo confirmaba: Kosovo ni siquiera estaba entre las 10 mayores preocupaciones de los serbios. Sí, por el contrario, la corrupción, el mal funcionamiento de las instituciones, en especial del sistema judicial, la pobreza y la llamada tajkunización, es decir, el control del país por parte de los oligarcas nacidos a la sombra de Slobodan Milosevic.

En Kosovo, las cosas no son muy distintas: el pasado, terrible, ha quedado atrás, pero el futuro sigue siendo muy incierto. El país, pese a la independencia, sigue bajo tutela internacional, y sobre él gravitan una serie de difíciles problemas: pesa la crisis económica, con un desempleo masivo y una importantísima economía informal; pesa el deterioro medioambiental generado por las centrales térmicas basadas en un pestilente lignito y los miles de bolsas de plástico que pueblan ríos y campos; y pesa la corrupción y el crimen organizado, que aunque se ha reducido notablemente en los últimos años, se sigue nutriendo de la indefinición de las fronteras y los aparatos de seguridad paralelos.

También pende sobre el país la opinión de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, que todavía tiene que pronunciarse sobre la legalidad de la declaración de independencia. Pero sobre el terreno, los serbios no esperan que la opinión cambie lo fundamental de las cosas. Por eso muchos decidieron participar en las elecciones municipales de noviembre, elegir sus alcaldes y participar en el proceso de descentralización que les permitirá gobernarse a sí mismos. El alcalde de Gracanica, un enclave serbio cerca de Pristina, es claro al respecto: necesita urgentemente que Belgrado y Pristina se pongan de acuerdo de una vez y le dejen trabajar para mejorar la calidad de vida de sus vecinos. Como me dice, "me encuentro atrapado entre dos administraciones virtuales: la de los funcionarios de Belgrado que siguen cobrando por administrar un territorio que no controlan, y la de Pristina, que no me transfiere las competencias ni el presupuesto para operar".

El desafío es que Kosovo no se convierta en un conflicto congelado, un lugar donde no hay violencia, pero tampoco convivencia interétnica ni futuro alguno para la gente corriente.

Evitar la construcción de un gueto serbio dentro de Kosovo y, superpuesto a él, de un gueto kosovar dentro de Europa, es lo crucial. Porque la estabilidad y prosperidad de Kosovo es esencial, y porque el 70% de los kosovares tienen menos de 27 años, todos los europeos, incluso los que no han reconocido la independencia, están allí (excepto España).

Tener la oportunidad de almorzar en Pristina con los embajadores griego y eslovaco y ver cómo sus países están presentes en el país y comprometidos con su futuro, a pesar de no convalidar la declaración unilateral de independencia, es toda una lección de la diferencia entre una diplomacia orientada a resolver los problemas de la gente y contribuir a la estabilidad de una región y otra (la nuestra) deliberadamente ausente de un escenario crucial, y que dos años después sigue enredada en debates teóricos y fantasmas internos.

Este artículo fue publicado en El País el 8 de marzo de 2010.

Tags:

2 Comments

#1

I’m afraid that throughout that Balkans search for solutions is heavily mortgaged by the tactical mindset that traditionally guides the everyday application of foreign policy. Little has been done in the past decade to narrow the perceptual gap caused by the creation of half-dozen new Balkan states and corresponding number of custom-made national histories. I concur with Natasa Kandric; this is especially true for Serbia where criminal record of Milosevic regime is denied or ignored by the politicians and media. President Tadic’s initiative to have the Serbian assembly pass the EU resolution on Srebrenica has set off a debate which has laid bare domestic frustrations associated with the refusal to face up to the past, especially in regard to the war against Bosnia.
But this ignorance also holds true for Bosnia, Croatia and Kosova Albanian politicians, who dare not concede even the smallest point of their narrative of victimization to their Serbian enemy (admittedly less extensive war crimes were committed by their commanders). As long as all sides retain de facto monopoly over the public memory, perception and interpretation they will continue to discredit few independent voices and it will be hard to achieve success and lasting resolution in that region. The greatest danger for Balkans are these proprietary narratives that continue to create mistrust.

Maja Sarkanovic-Volk | Washington D.C. | 17 Mar 10, 17 Mar 10 EST
#2

@Maja Thank you for your bright comments and a well written analysis. It is true, people of West Balkans (sounds better then “people of the former Yugoslavia”) need to sit down together and calmly, pragmatically and historically in absolutely truthful way discuss and clarify all unfortunate and tragic events of their mutual history. There are many other inspirational examples of world nations solving their bitter historical problems and moving forward, even forming alliances afterwords. The cure for all is a long, continuous and open conversation.

Bob | Balkans | 23 Apr 10, 23 Apr 10 EST

Submit a Comment

Your message will be submitted to a moderator before appearing online. Name and email address are required, all other fields are optional. Your email will not be displayed.

Please enter the word you see in the image below:

Remember my personal information

Latest Publications

A danger or an opportunity? Post-Copenhagen China and climate change

This latest edition of “China Analysis” looks at the response to the Copenhagen conference within China itself, as it faces the worst environment position imaginable, threatening its systems and interests. 

A global China policy

China is now a huge foreign policy challenge to the EU: it must respond with a global China policy.

Beyond wait-and-see: the way forward for EU Balkan policy

Risk of instability in the Western Balkans: the EU can no longer 'wait-and-see'.

Dealing with Yanukovych’s Ukraine

The Yanukovych Paradox: How Ukraine’s new president can be good news for Europe after all.

China shapes its post-crisis economic agenda

The latest issue of China Analysis looks at Beijing’s willingness to strengthen international economic governance, and its authors argue that much thinking in China seems to focus on the short term

China and India: rivals always, partners sometimes

The authors of the latest issue of China Analysis argue that Western concerns over “Chindia” - the emergence of a Sino-Indian economic power bloc or strategic alliance - may be unwarranted. 

Towards a post-American Europe: A Power Audit of EU-US Relations by Nick Witney & Jeremy Shapiro

Europe has the US president it wished for, but does Barack Obama have the strong transatlantic partner he wants?

Can the EU rebuild failing states? A review of Europe’s civilian capacities.

Have broken promises and treating Afghanistan, DR Congo and Iraq like Bosnia left the EU without the capacity to prevent fragile states from becoming failing states?

What does Russia think?

ECFR publishes a collection of views from key Russian intellectuals.

The EU and human rights at the UN: 2009 annual review

The EU’s ongoing loss of influence at the UN is putting lives at risk, argues the author of ECFR’s latest paper.

In the Press

Les Echos - 01 Sep 10

Thomas Klau on Germany’s linchpin role in the eurozone governance debate.

Wall Street Journal - 30 Aug 10

Ulrike Guerot on Germany's place in Europe, post euro crisis.

Radio Free Europe - 24 Aug 10

Andrew Wilson says Ukraine's greatest success has been its 'survival'.

Read more press >

Click here for ECFR's Youtube channel.

Global Calendar