Every human being has inalienable rights, but the exercise of these rights requires a state to safeguard them. In the case of the Western Saharan independence activist Aminatou Haidar, it is obvious that neither the state of Morocco nor that of Spain have been capable of doing so.
As for the responsibilities of the Moroccan state, there is little to add to what we know about the tortures Haidar has suffered, and the repression generally suffered by the Sahrawis. In the case of Spain, its responsibility stems from its incapacity to fulfil the international obligations derived from its colonial occupation of the Western Sahara territory. Between 1966 and 1973, the UN General Assembly repeatedly called on Spain to proceed to the decolonization of Western Sahara by means of a self-determination referendum. But Spain, under the regime of the moribund Franco, abandoned the territory, transferring its administration to Morocco, which violently expelled from the territory all those who opposed the occupation. Spain's decision can be explained, and even justified, but it does not make the Moroccan occupation legal, nor hide the fact that Spain failed to ensure a right to self-determination which had, and has, the support of international law.
Apart from the thorny question of Haidar's admission to Spanish territory, the most relevant aspect is Judge Velasco's decision to reject the activist's legal action against the Moroccan government for the violation of her rights in her expulsion from that country. The Spanish government did well in enacting a legal reform to limit the National High Court's capacity to act as a world judge. But it is one thing to declare the Court powerless to judge repression in Tibet or other situations in which no Spanish people are implicated, and another thing to say that the Court must not accept the plea of Haidar, who is in Spain, has a residence permit to be in our country, and comes from a territory that was once under Spanish rule. It seems that we either do too much or too little.
Two decades of negotiations between Morocco and the Polisario Front have produced no agreement on a referendum, and this is due not to differences on the process of voter registration, but to the fact that Morocco is not prepared to accept a referendum that would include the option of independence. Profiting from a prevailing mood on the international scene that, for obvious reasons, is apprehensive of the creation of new states, Morocco has opted to play the card of offering autonomy. Many governments, among them Spain, have seen this as a possible solution; though proposals such as the Baker Plan that provided for autonomy were rejected in the UN for not including a final referendum on self-determination.
With its actions, Morocco is now putting itself in the wrong, and helping to revive the legitimacy of Sahrawi claims. These claims, we must remember, have legal substance because the International Court of Justice found no evidence of the existence of a title of sovereignty favorable to Morocco. Thus the only means that Morocco has to maintain control of the Western Sahara is, apart from brute force, its ability to safeguard the individual and collective rights of the Sahrawis.
Is Morocco in a position to grant the Sahrawis an autonomy so broad as to induce them to renounce their legitimate right to self-determination? Now, at a time when the independence of Kosovo is being examined by the International Court of Justice, it is all the more clear that the sovereignty enjoyed by states is not an end in itself, nor is it unlimited. It is a means by which states exercise their responsibility to protect the citizens under their charge. Though until now the conflict has resulted in a stalemate, the right to self-government is still a revolving door. jitorreblanca@ecfr.eu
This article was published in El País English edition on 16 December 2009.
(English translation)
Puertas giratorias
Todo ser humano es titular de una serie de derechos inalienables. Pero la realidad es que, en el mundo en el que vivimos, el ejercicio de esos derechos requiere un Estado que los tutele. En el caso de Aminetu Haidar, es evidente que ni el Estado marroquí ni el español (en sus diferentes ámbitos de responsabilidad) han sido capaces de velar por ellos de forma efectiva.
Respecto a las responsabilidades del Estado marroquí, hay poco que añadir a lo publicado ayer por este diario respecto a las terribles torturas que sufrió Haidar (y por las que no parece que nadie haya pedido perdón ni sido juzgado) o en lo relativo a la represión que sufren los activistas saharauis.
En el caso de España, su responsabilidad se refiere a su incapacidad de cumplir con las obligaciones internacionales que se derivaban de su ocupación del Sáhara Occidental. Entre 1966 y 1973, la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas instó en siete ocasiones a España a que procediera a la descolonización del Sáhara Occidental mediante la celebración de un referéndum de autodeterminación. Pero como se sabe, España, en plena agonía de Franco, abandonó el territorio, transfiriendo su administración a Marruecos, que inmediatamente expulsó violentamente del territorio a todos aquellos que se opusieron a la ocupación. La decisión de España se puede explicar, y hasta justificar, pero no legaliza la ocupación del Sáhara por parte de Marruecos ni oculta el hecho principal: que España fracasó a la hora de garantizar al pueblo saharaui el ejercicio de un derecho al autogobierno que contaba y cuenta con el completo respaldo del derecho internacional.
A las responsabilidades históricas se suman las presentes. Más allá de la discusión sobre la admisión de Haidar en territorio español tras su expulsión de Marruecos, en la que se mezclan unos hechos todavía no claramente establecidos con consideraciones legales, políticas y humanitarias, lo relevante es la decisión del juez Velasco de rechazar la querella presentada por Haidar contra el Gobierno de Marruecos por violación de sus derechos políticos y civiles al expulsarla de su territorio. El Gobierno hizo bien en promover una reforma legal que limitara la capacidad de la Audiencia Nacional de convertirse en juez universal. Pero una cosa es declararse incompetente para juzgar la represión en el Tíbet u otros hechos en los que no haya españoles implicados y otra cosa es que la ley obligue a la Audiencia Nacional a inhibirse en el caso de Haidar, que está en España, posee permiso de residencia en nuestro país y es originaria de un territorio bajo administración española. Parece que o nos pasamos o nos quedamos cortos, así que, muy probablemente, a la luz del caso Haidar deberíamos reabrir el debate sobre el alcance de nuestra jurisdicción.
Que dos décadas de negociaciones entre Marruecos y el Polisario no hayan logrado un acuerdo sobre la realización de un referéndum no se debe, como se aduce frecuentemente, a las diferencias en torno al proceso de identificación y registro de votantes, sino al hecho de que Marruecos no esté dispuesto a aceptar un referéndum que incluya la opción de la independencia. Aprovechando una coyuntura internacional, recelosa por razones obvias de la creación de nuevos Estados, Marruecos ha querido jugar la baza de la autonomía para el Sáhara. Muchos Gobiernos, entre ellos España, incluso de buena fe, han visto en una solución de este tipo una posible salida a este conflicto. Y ello pese a que las propuestas (como el Plan Baker) que promovían una amplia autonomía fueron rechazadas por el Consejo de Seguridad por no incluir al final del camino un referéndum de autodeterminación.
Con sus actuaciones, Marruecos está contribuyendo a relanzar la legitimidad de la agenda saharaui. Se trata, cabe recordar, de una agenda que está madura jurídicamente puesto que el Tribunal Internacional de Justicia no encontró evidencia de la existencia de ningún título de soberanía territorial favorable a Marruecos. Por tanto, el único camino del que dispone Marruecos para lograr mantener el control del Sáhara Occidental es, además de la fuerza bruta, el ser capaz de garantizar los derechos, individuales y colectivos, de los saharauis.
¿Está Marruecos en condiciones de otorgar a los saharauis una autonomía tan amplia que les haga renunciar a su legítimo derecho a la autodeterminación? En una semana en la que la independencia de Kosovo está siendo examinada por el Tribunal Internacional de Justicia, se pone de manifiesto que la soberanía de la que gozan los Estados no es un fin en sí mismo, ni ilimitada, sino un medio para ejercer su responsabilidad de proteger a los ciudadanos a su cargo. Aunque hasta ahora el conflicto ha estado bloqueado, el derecho al autogobierno no deja de ser una puerta giratoria.
Este artículo fue publicado en El País el 14 de diciembre de 2009.
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